Functional programming (FP) is a programming paradigm for developing software using functions. Functional programming is based on mathematical functions. : operator. Scala is a multi-paradigm language with an emphasis on functional programming that runs on the Java virtual machine. Some of the popular functional programming languages include: Lisp, Python, Erlang, Haskell, Clojure, etc. Functional programming languages are categorized into two groups, i.e. Functional programming vs. imperative programming. For example, both D and Fortran 95 explicitly support pure functions. FP gets its name from an approach to software construction built off the creation of pure functions. Many other languages like Python and Java are staunchly imperative while SML and Haskell are primarily functional; Scheme is a nice middle ground. The functional programming paradigm was explicitly created to support a pure functional approach to problem solving. Many languages have had wonderful ideas, but they have ultimately been dismissed as esoteric or too difficult to learn and, consequently, have … Functional programming is a form of declarative programming. Unlike most languages, Scheme actually accords both functional programming and imperative programming roughly equal status. The foundation of all functional programming languages is Lambda Calculus (also written as λ-calculus). Why Is it Called Functional Programming? It is possible to use a functional style of programming in languages that are not traditionally considered functional languages. It is described as “the smallest universal programming language of the world.” Accordingly, an FP is based mathematical functions … In addition, a pure-approach language allows the use of functional programming techniques only, so that the result is always a functional program. It has seen ebbs and flows in … Programming languages that use the pure approach to the functional programming paradigm rely on lambda calculus principles, for the most part. In languages that enforce functional programming, the return keyword is implied, and the if statement behaves like C++'s ? Functional programming is something that existed for much longer than object oriented, dating back to the ancient days of Turing machines. It’s certainly not the easiest language to learn, but it is a purely functional programming language. Functional programming paradigm is based on that everything is a calculation and there is no storage or state. Following the FP philosophy entails foregoing things like shared states, mutable data and side effects. Using the pure approach to functional programming. Also, everything is immutable, so localMap.put has to create a new copy of localMap and return it, instead of modifying the original localMap, the way a normal C++ or Java program would. 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